Friday, December 27, 2019

Psalm 93 - Yhwh from and to eternity amidst the waters


The fourth in the "Exodus Psalms" (90-106) is also well described as an enthronement psalm (see Möwinckel's taxonomy), as the kingship of Yhwh is depicted and compared with (in vv3-4) the power of the waters. 

This psalm is rich in repetition, with "Yhwh" being repeated five times, which is fitting as the psalm addresses him addressed from v2-5. Therefore it also addresses Yhwh three times via the suffix and another time with the pronoun.

Furthermore there are other phrases repeated, most notably in v3:

The rivers have lifted up (נָשְׂאוּ נְהָרוֹת), Yhwh
the rivers have lifted up (נָשְׂאוּ נְהָרוֹת) their voice,
the rivers lift up (יִשְׂאוּ נְהָרוֹת) their pounding.

The only change in the three stichs is from the qatal in the first two, to the yiqtol in the second. It seems to be presenting a challenge: how will Yhwh respond to the pounding voice of the rivers? 

A further example of repetition answers this in the next verse, as there is something greater than the roar of the waters, nobler (אַדִּירִים) than the waves of the sea, for noble (אַדִּיר) in his heights is Yhwh. The word "noble" (v4b) is repeated, first as a contrast to "greater" in the first stich, but also anticipating the description of Yhwh in the final word of the final stich of this verse. 

The central verses 3-4 with their water imagery contrast what seems mighty at ground level - the roaring and pounding of waves - with the God of the cosmos who sits above all this in his holy hill - Yhwh is indeed more powerful than the water or any divinities who may be associated with or come from the depths.

This focus on water in the centre suggests an ABBA structure:

A 1-2 Yhwh's eternal rule and power
B 3 The waters against Yhwh
B' 4 Yhwh over the waters
A' 5 Yhwh's eternal statutes

The first verse reuses the verb "clothe" (לבשׁ) to first describe Yhwh's rule (clothed in majesty), and then his power (girded with strength). Because of this, v1c-2 is able to describe the absolute scale of Yhwh's rule and power. It is his power which established the cosmos and ensures it shall never totter (v1c-d), and also that Yhwh's throne is from the establishment of the cosmos, as is Yhwh (2a-b). 

This theme returns in the final verse, for the Yhwh whose rule is eternal has statutes of equal trustworthiness: from and to eternity, which means the house of Yhwh deserves to be clad in holiness for endless days. 

This psalm then describes the Yhwh who is from and to eternity, who is worthy of praise and honour, and, when contrasted with the aquatic powers of this world sits far above them. 

Reading this as an Exodus psalm we are reminded of the mighty waters which Yhwh held back so that his nation could pass through on dry land. They were brought from there to Mount Sinai, where Yhwh sat high above his people, high above the golden calf his people fell to worship, and from where he dictated his statutes to guide and guard his people. 


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